Stop and Frisk Controversy free essay sample

For young African American men, the constant threat posed by stop and frisk is a concern when leaving the house, walking around the neighborhood, and going out with friends. If they fail to show identification, obey orders from police or respond as expected, they can be harassed, beaten or worse. The stop and frisk law has also became a sexual abuse issue. There have been tons of reports of inappropriate touching, sexual harassment, humiliation and violence at the hands of police officers. The effects of these abuses can be devastating and often leave behind emotional, psychological, and social problems. Young men have reported police officers forcing them to take there clothing off in public, groping there genitals and even â€Å"credit carding† in between there butt cheeks which is when you slide your hand through to check for drugs being held in the anus without wearing gloves. â€Å"they go hard, grabbing stuff they’re not supposed to† said a 17 year old named Garnell from the south Bronx. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop and Frisk Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even when the victims have told the officer directly that they cant do that or don’t touch there, they have said that they can do whatever they want, and have been arrested them for resisting arrest and even resulted in police brutality cases. The experience of being stopped and frisked by police often has an emotional impact on people. This can make people feel unsafe, afraid to leave their homes, and afraid of the police. Many people explained how getting stopped by police had changed the way they lived. For example people described changing their clothing style, or hairstyles, changing their routes or avoiding walking on the street, or carrying around documents such as ID or mail, to provide police officers if stopped. The stop and frisk law is undoubtedly an extreme case of profiling and should be illegal. The statistics speak for themselves, 85% of the people stopped and frisked have been Black or Latino. Interviewers said there has been an increase in stops and frisks of Muslim, Arab, and South Asian people since September 11, 2001. It was documented that even young Black or Latino children have been seen getting stopped on their way back from school making the children feel like criminals even when innocent of a crime. Homeless People who use the public shelter system are also singled out for stops and frisks by police. Interviewers described officers waiting outside of shelters and stopping people that they see coming out. The practice of police entering shelters to search people inside was described as â€Å"routine. † Harassing the less fortunate people that are minding their own business on the street. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The Fourth Amendment is clearly breached by the stop and frisk law. The power has obviously been abused by the police authorities. Race, religion, homeless or not, profiling and sexual abuse is unacceptable. In a sense the stop and frisk law was good on paper, but in a world of corruption, sexual abuse, and racism, we are not capable of using the stop and frisk law with responsibility, until then we’ll have to live without it.

The Good Ones Hitting the Higher Paying Markets

The Good Ones Hitting the Higher Paying Markets One of my first high-paying features sold to The Investor for $170 (Six String Stocks, October 2015). I’ve sold others since, including a piece for Catholic Digest that earned $500. I sure didn’t think it was possible when I started out with $20/article rates. Here’s how I got to higher rates and why you should. Searching terms Use search engines to find work, contacts and guidelines. Use quotes (â€Å") to search for specific terms, minus and plus-signs (â€Å"-â€Å") and â€Å"+†) to include or exclude them and asterisks (â€Å"*†) as wildcards. Include terms like â€Å"pay†, â€Å"rates†, â€Å"$200† and â€Å"guidelines† to dig for new markets or add terms like â€Å"co.uk† to search abroad. Try other engines like DeeperWeb, DogPile,GigaBlast and DuckDuckGo. Get out of the rat race Say no to content mill-like rates of $5 per 1, 000 words, even when desperate: Your time is more valuable elsewhere, and realizing that early on will ensure that you get to writing for better rates and stronger markets sooner. Going up Many markets offer low starting rates, but higher rates or bonuses with more exposure and experience. These are worthwhile over time, but don’t put all your eggs in only this type of market. Also, consider discussing a rate increase with your regular clients/writing markets, but no more than once a year. Exchange rates Break into international markets with better exchange rates: Yes, you could write for readers outside your country if you keep an eye on breaking news, popular publications, and local quirks. Mind your language: Americans say hood, Brits say bonnet. While South African-based, most of my articles go abroad (where it’s 13.26ZAR to one US dollar) my first, in fact, was sold to FundsforWriters! Chasing the niche Features and longer-form pieces often pay more; the same is true for niche markets.. Tai Chi Magazine pays $500 for 3,500 words, writing for The Sun Magazine can earn up to $2,000 per feature. Fine Woodworking, on the other hand, pays $150 per page. What can only you write? The pitching process A higher-paying feature is pitched like any other, but you can make it easier Writing on-spec Many markets, especially (though not just) high-paying ones, prefer a fully completed article over a pitch. Write on-spec a lot and you’ll have a higher success-rate, period. Articles that are rejected go into what I call â€Å"The Article Pit† and are sold elsewhere, usually with minor edits. Negotiate your rates Be prepared to negotiate when a publication asks you to state your rate first. Reply It takes time While higher-end features pay more money, don’t expect quick money. On average, these pieces can require more research, several rewrites and may take time – sometimes more than a year – from pitch to publication and payment. Do you have ideas that could sell? Best of luck!

The World Trade Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The World Trade Organisation - Essay Example Considering the on-going trading between developed and developing countries, WTO is often accused of benefiting richer nations to the detriment of poorer ones. For this study, the advantages and disadvantages of joining the WTO will be discussed. Based on the evidences gathered during the research process, critical analysis will be applied in the study. Prior to conclusion, recommended ways in which the WTO could be transformed positively in terms of being able to help developing nations will be tackled. For the conclusion part, whether or not the WTO is benefiting richer nations to the detriment of the poorer ones will be answered as part of the conclusion. Thesis Statement â€Å"The truth behind the accusation that the WTO is benefiting richer nations to the detriment of the poorer ones† Advantages and Disadvantages of Joining the WTO Advantages Increases the Overall Economic Activities in Developing Countries WTO offers a better business opportunity on the part of developing countries. A good example is the case of China which signed the joining contract with WTO back in 2001. (Klapper, 2008; Mastel, 2001) Prior to China’s active participation in the world market, the country was considered one of the most underdeveloped countries due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and technical skills that could enable them to compete with developed countries. (Chow, 2006) Because of the huge market in China and cheaper labor costs, developed countries like the U.S., Canada and Europe among others began establishing their manufacturing companies in China.

Fashion - Mexican Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion - Mexican Culture - Essay Example The essay "Fashion - Mexican Culture" concerns the Mexican culture and fashion. The modern Mexican clothing differs in various ways from the traditional modes of clothing. The difference signifies transformations that have taken place in the Mexican culture. The traditional Mexican clothing was as a result of past generation’s inheritance. In simple terms, the style’s pieces used by indigenous Mexican people evolved with Spanish colonization. It possessed strong and vivid colors and used natural fibers such as wool, agave and cotton. The women’s typical clothing included a skirt, a rezobo, a huipil and a quenchquemitl. The traditional men’s clothing incorporated shirts and trousers. They had unique garments in a couple of things and also possessed numerous interesting details. The modern Mexican clothing, on the other hand, resembles most of the western types of clothes. However, the Mexican clothes may have more colorful character that adds on them a nati ve feeling. Other clothing may possess styles and designs with Mexican graphics and symbols. The aspect makes the Mexican clothing unique from many other cultures across the globe. In various ways, many Mexican individuals nowadays are more formal and conservative in the clothes they wear as opposed to their counterparts in the United States or Canada. Currently in Mexico, there has erupted a trend for the general Mexican public to make use of modern garments with great influence from the traditional clothing. The women have a tendency of wearing rezobos.

Bruxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bruxism - Essay Example In one study, it was found that the level of pressure exerted on the teeth, gums and joints is as high as three times the forces experienced during normal chewing (Castaneda, 1992: 46). In the case of those individuals who experience bruxism primarily when they’re asleep, the condition may not be diagnosed until well after complications arise, making it essential that the signs and symptoms of bruxism be recognized by dental practitioners as a means of reducing the level of damage. In learning to recognize the condition from a dental standpoint, it is important to note one of the primary symptoms of extreme bruxers is significantly worn down tooth enamel. â€Å"Instead of a white enamel cover, one often sees the more yellowish and softer dentin. The back teeth of some chronic bruxers often lose their cusps and natural contours, appearing instead flat, as if they had been worked over with a file or sandpaper† (Nissani, 2000a). This wearing down of the enamel has the obvious consequences of leaving teeth more vulnerable to cavity-causing bacteria requiring greater need for bridges, crowns, root canals, implants, partial dentures and sometimes even full dentures. â€Å"In one study, more than 75 percent of observed implant fractures occurred in patients with signs and histories of chronic bruxism. Hence, in cases of untreatable severe bruxism, the use of implants is strongly counterindicated† (Rangert et al, 1995). There are several other visible sy mptoms of bruxism as well. These include changes in appearance over time, as the teeth become shorter, bringing the chin and the nose closer together, and the overdevelopment of facial muscles, especially those most concerned with chewing. The causes of bruxism remain unknown. Stress is one important recognized factor in the development of the disorder, but other considerations may also play a part. In very young children, the disorder has a tendency to work itself out

Case study: Emotions in the workplace

Case study: Emotions in the workplace Emotions are essential to humans as they permeate almost every aspect of our lives insofar as they guide our behaviour to fit with contextual demands. Emotions also motivate change and facilitate learning. They inform us when to fight or flight and serve as fundamental social functions. (Gross, 1999). As emotions are fundamental social functions, all emotional events are situations that are relevant to a persons well being. The type of event varies according to their valence (positive versus negative) and according to the strength of subjective feelings and physical reactions that they elicit in a person. There has been a number of studies that focus on the components and the importance of emotions. Existing research however lacks the events that cause emotional experiences. This research will focus on understanding the events that and the type of emotional experiences this will cause. Components of Emotions Emotion which is a term used widely in everyday language, constitutes a hypothetical construct, i.e., a conceptual and operational definition of an underlying phenomenon that constitutes the object of theory and research. Most modern emotion theorists have adopted a componential approach to emotion, suggesting that an emotion episode consists of coordinated changes in several components. Most of the theories in the field of recognise that emotion and cognition are intertwined. But emotion is not simply a cognitive process (Frijda, 1988) It is actually recognised as being: a psychological construct consisting of several aspects of components: a) the component of cognitive appraisal or evaluation of stimuli and situations, b) the physiological component of acitivation or arousal, c) the component of motor expression, d) the motivational component, including behaviour intentions or behaviour readiness, and c) the component of motor expression, d) the motivational component, including behaviour intentions or behaviour readiness and e) the component of subjective feeling state. (Scherer, 1984). Psychological arousal: This can be defined as physiological changes such as temperature sensations, respiratory and cardiovascular accelerations and decelerations, trembling muscle spasms, as well as feelings of constrictions in internal organs, are frequently part of emotion descriptions. (Ekman et al., 1983; Frijda, 1986; Stemmler, 2004). These neurophysiological changes in emotional episodes are generally attributed to (1) th emotion eliciting event disturbing ongoing homeostatic regulation and the smooth behavioural coordination, and (2) the preparation of appropriate adaptive responses (e.g., producing the necessary energy for appropriate actions such as fight or flight). Motor Expression: Facial and vocal expression, as well as gestures and posture during emotion episodes are generally considered to be central motor components of emotion (Ekman, 1984,1992; Izard, 1971). Darwin (1872/1998) conceptualized expression rudiments of formerly adaptive behaviours (e.g., clenching ones teeth as a rudiment of a biting response). In response, emotion researchers have highlighted the communicative functions of emotion expressions, informing others of an individuals reaction and its corresponding behaviour patterns. (Ekman, 1992; Frijda, 1986; Scherer, 1984; Tomkins, 1962). Subjective Feeling Individuals verbally report a multitude of qualitatively different feelings, using a rich emotion vocabulary. These internal sensations, often considered as necessarily conscious experiences, constitute irreducible qualities of feeling unique to the specific emotional experience of a particular individual (Frijda, 1986; Lazarus, 1991; Ortony Turner, 1990). The feeling component of emotion can be conceptualized as a reflection of all changes in components during an emotion episode, i.e., the results of event appraisal, motivational change, and proprioceptive feedback from motor expression and physiological reactions. It is important to define differentially the concepts in this fashion, as the tendency to use emotion (the process as a whole) and feeling (one of its components) as a synonyms results in confusion. (Scherer, 2000) Behaviour Preparation Emotion theories of an explicitly componential persuasion have explicitly postulated a motivational function of emotional responses in the form of behaviour preparation or action tendencies (Frijda, 1986: Scherer, 1984). Emotions interrupt ongoing goal-directed behaviour and produce action tendencies that are specifically adapted to dealing with the environmental contingency that has elicited the emotional response. Importantly this component of emotion generally prepares a general behaviour readiness as well as several alternative action tendencies allowing the organism to choose according to context and strategic considerations. Cognitive processes Emotions also have a cognitive component. This component consists of the appraisal processes that drive the coordinated changes in the components described above. Proponents of appraisal theories of emotion suggest that emotional reactions are determined by the subjective evaluation of events with respect to their significance for the well-being and goal attainment of individuals. (Scherer, 2004) In addition, emotions often have strong effects on perceptual and cognitive processes such as attention, thinking, memory, problem solving, judgement, decision making and the like. (Dalgleish et al. 1999) Furthermore it is important to understand the valence of emotions, hence various researchers have done research on everyday emotional experiences e.g. Boucher, Brandstatter Eliasz, Oately Duncan, Scherer Tannenbaum, Scherer, as well as Wallbott, Summerfield. This research has shown that the most frequent occurring emotional events are generally associated with relationships with other people (eg. Partner, family, friends), work-related situations, attainment of personal goals and life changes. Positive emotional events may include birth of a child, receiving a present, attending a concert or getting a job. Negative emotional events encompass critical situations, such as arguing with a close friend, learning that a family member is ill etc. (Scherer, 2004). Emotions link structure and agency, meaning that they are the link between social structure and social acting. (Barbalet, 2002). A widely held view in contemporary emotion psychology is that emotions or at least a core subset of emotions, are organised patterns of more or less specific cognitive, experimental, behavioural (action-related), expressive, and physiological components. This assumption which is frequently motivated by the hypotheses about the evoluntary origin and biological function of emotions is the common denominator of syndrome theories of emotion and it is shared by authors of otherwise fairly different theoretical persuasions. (Ekman, 1992; Izard 1977) This has an impact on how emotions can either distort individuals perceptions by imparing judgement and biasing information retrieval, or they can improve the accuracy of individuals perceptions by highlighting what is important and what is at stake. (Seo Barrett, 2007). In studies of escalation of commitment, emotions appeare to have a direct influence on the decision of whether to persist or withdraw from a failing situation. An example of this can be demonstrated by Wong and Kwong (2006) where it was demonstrated that the desire to escape the unpleasant emotions people during a decision-making dilemma can lead to de-escalation of commitment. In contrast, a study by Wong and Kwong (2007) found that the possibility of feeling regret can cause people to increase escalation of commitment. The importance of emotions in the workplace Organisations involve complex relationships that are interdependent often competitive and compulsory. Employees must often interact with a range of people not necessarily of their choosing. A hierarchical relationships normally characterises most organisations which includes status differences that are primarily caused by an emotional response. ( Tiedens, 2001) In organisations, employees learn what is expected and what is acceptable by means of social norms (Bettenhausen Murnighan, 1991; Chatman Barsade, 1995; Salancik Pfeffer, 1978). One type of organisation norm involves the emotions expressed by employees in the workplace (Kelly Barsade, 2001; Rafaeli Worline, 2001). Though almost all situations have implicit expectations concerning which emotions are appropriate or inappropriate to express (Ekman, 1973), employees frequently display certain emotions in the workplace in reaction to organisational-specific situations or events (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995; Martin, Knopoff Beckman, 1998) and as a way of fulfilling their work roles (Hochchild, 1983; Rafaeli Sutton, 1991; Sutton, 1991; Van Maanent Kunda, 1989). There is consistent evidence that the expression of certain emotions or at least of some specific response components for example, anger, fear, enjoyment, sadness and disgust the infamous basic emotions is distinctive and universal among the human species. (Ekman, 1993). The expression of other emotions, sometimes dubbed social or self-conscious emotions, such as shame, guilt, grief or embarrassment, does not seem to be universal, although patterns of expression are highly consistent within a socio-cultural setting. It seems patterns of expression are highly consistent within a socio-cultural setting. It seems that in whatever way the different expressions of these emotions may have evolved, as long as individuals stay in the cultural or social structure setting they were socialized in, they are on the safe side when it comes to interpreting emotion expressions. Thus, emotion expressions are a potent signaling device capable of conveying clues that allow the mutual attribution of un derlying feeling states. Moreover, emotion expressions also allow the inference of other corresponding mental states that are constituent for the emotion expressed. These attributions function as mechanisms that reduce social complexity and intercept double contingency circuits. They furthermore allow forseeing the consequences of an emotion for individual behaviour, the course of interaction, and the overall group behaviour. (Hortsmann 2003). This explains the reason why emotion expression may influence decision making. This is done by shaping individuals beliefs about the social environment (Baron, 1992). An emotion can be like a perceptual lens to determine what is potentially threatening to an individual in a particular situation hence determining a belief about the social environment. As the decision making is context is marked by uncertainty, decision makers behaviour is likely to be strongly influenced by cues in the social environment (Taylor, 1979). Through experience one will be able to understand and display certain emotion expressions. This is as a result of individuals being able to shape employees beliefs about what is expected, what is acceptable, and the possible consequences of things going wrong. In this way, emotion expression norms have a direct influence on decision making behaviour. These norms help influence beliefs about the social environment. It has been further proven that individuals are more sensitive to negative cues than to positive ones (Rozin Royzman, 2001). Further negative cues elicit stronger affective and behavioural reactions than do positive ones (Cacioppo, Gardner, Berntson, 1999). Experience and expression of negative emotions drive people to avoid situations that could lead to negative outcomes, such as threats and failure (Carver, 2001; Higgens, 1997). Based on above some it is in can be deduced that employees learn what is acceptable by means of social norms (Bettenhausen Murinighan, 1991; Chatman Barsade, 1995; Salancik Pfeffer, 1978). Though almost all situations have implicit expectations concerning which emotions are appropriate or inappropriate to express (Ekman, 1973), employees frequently display certain emotions in the workplace in relation to organization-specific situations or events (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995; Martin, Knopoff Beckman, 1998) and as a way of fulfilling their roles (Hoschchild, 1983; Rafaeli Sutton, 1991; Van Maanen Kunda, 1989). Therefore we can deduce that emotion expression may influence organizational decision making by shaping individuals beliefs about the social environment (Baron, 1992). Beliefs concerning emotions expressed in the workplace can affect decision making behaviour by acting as a perceptual lens to determine what is salient to an individual in a particular situation (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Organizational decision making often occurs in the context of ambiguous cues (Bronckner, 1992; Staw, 1997) Organisational decision making often occurs in the context of complex and ambigious cues (Brockner, 1992; Staw, 1997). Because the decision making context is marked by uncertainty, decision makers behaviour is likely to be strongly influenced by cues in the social environment (Taylor, 1979). Coworkers emotion expressions can shape employees beliefs about what is expected, what is acceptable, and the possible consequences of things going wrong. In this way, emotion expression norms do not have a direct influence on decision making. Rather norms influence individuals beliefs about the social environment. Emotional fit will help an employee keep his/her emotional resources at optimum levels. The deviation between the activation levels of affective trait and emotional climate will make the workplace emotionally draining environment for the employee. (Gardner and Cummings, 1988). An important topic in the psychology of emotions is whether an emotional experience and reactions result from innate biological patterns or whether such reactions and experiences are culturally determined. Charles Darwin (1872) was one of the most influential in this discussion, arguing for innate emotion programmes and using an intriguing multitude of research tools now common in cross cultural psychology, such as observations and questionnaires. Other theories of emotion including Tomkins (1962/1963), Izard (1977) and Ekman (1984), followed his line of reasoning and succeeded in demonstrating cross-cultural equivalents of facial expression patterns for some fundamental emotions. On one hand, cultural relativists like Birdwhistell (1970), have proposed that emotional experiences and reactions differ depending on cultural factors. These include the following aspects namely: the nature of the emotion eliciting the situation (in particular psychological symptoms, nonverbal reactions li ke facial or vocal expressions, subjective experiences or feeling state of a person and the regulation attempts used to control or manage the situation and the emotional reactions (Wallbott and Scherer, 1985,pp 763-764). That is, in order to address the question of universality versus cultural specificity of emotion, one has to demonstrate conclusively that situations eliciting specific emotions are the same across cultures, that reactions and symptom patterns accompanying emotional experiences are universal, and that control and coping attempts used to regulate emotional experience are the same worldwide. The above demonstrates the importance of having an emotional fit as well as the importance of emotions in the workplace. Emotions are seen as one of the basic functions of the human psyche and therefore play a central role in psychology (Salovey Mayer, 1990), especially in work and organisational psychology, both in theoretical and applied settings. Emotions exist in everyday workplaces and they impact on peoples performance. Because this impact can sometimes be detrimental, a belief in relegating emotions behind the rule of logic and reason is deeply engrained in modern managers psyche. In truth, this belief goes all the way back to the teachings of Plato who saw logic as the path to objective truth, while emotions were simply irrational temptations to be avoided. This belief was entrenched in the principles of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century, and continues to permeate modern society (Kapp, 2000). Emotion has represented a tantalizing subject for social inquiry because it appears to tell us about our true selves : the self that , after all the thinking an d the interacting are done, feeling the welling up of rage , the tender pangs of love , the black emptiness of despair. (Boellstorff Lindquist , 2004). The function of emotion evolves into a process that not only permits the evaluation of the consequences of another behaviour but also aids in the prediction of anothers emotional behaviour. (Darwin, 2005). Being as we spend most of our time at work, it is important to understand the impact that emotions will have on our fit to an organisation emotionally, the link between emotion and climate of an organization as well as copying responses to an exhausting environment. Emotional fit will help an employee keep his /her emotional resources at optimum levels. The deviation between activation levels of affective trait and emotional climate will make the workplace an emotionally draining environment for the employee. This proposition is line with the activation theory. Activation theory holds that every individual has characteristic level of activation that he/she is motivated to maintain in his/her environment. Assuming that emotional climate has an influence on employees affective experiences at work and considering the strongly intertwined relationship between activation and emotion, it is plausible to argue that the emotional climate of a workplace comprises a force that can influence the experienced activation level of employees in the workplace. (Maslach, 1982). When there is an emotional fit, as a copying response to the exhausting impact of the workplace, the employee will attempt to emotionally detach himself/herself from other people and develop a depersonalized response to them (Cordes and Dougherty, 1993). This tendency will be reflected in the way the employee expresses emotions whilst interacting with others at work. Specifically, when there is a misfit between an employees affective trait and the emotional climate of his/her workplace, the employee will engage in surface acting while interacting with others, which refers to altering ones displayed emotions to be able to express the desired behaviours at work (Hochschild, 1983). Supporting this argument, prior research has suggested that surface acting can be utilized by employees as a way of buffering themselves from emotional exhaustion. (Conrad and Witte, 1994) When an employees emotional resources are depleted as a result of emotional misfit, this will increase his/her tendency to psychologically and physically withdraw from work. From an employees intention to get back to his/her characteristics level of activation altered by the impact of emotional climate. When the work environment becomes psychologically uncomfortable, the employees often try to psychologically withdraw from the work environment by engaging in a number of non work related activities, such as daydreaming and spending time on personal matters (Lehman and Simpson, 1992). When there is an emotional misfit, the employees task performance will decrease because the excessive amount of tension and stress experienced by the emotionally exhausted employee (Maslach and Jackson, 1981) hinders his/her cognitive and attention capacity to perform his/her task effectively. (Eysenck, 1983). Emotional exhaustion has also been considered to result in lower level of self-efficacy expectations (Brief and Aldag, 1981) and reduced sense of personal adequacy, both of which are elements of task performance. (Maslach, 1982). We can thus assume that the expression of emotions in organisational life can have important consequences for the person displaying the emotion as well as for the person who is the target of this display. (Rafaeli Sutton, 1989). The impact of culture on emotions According to Frijda and Mesquita (1995), cultural influences on the emotions process are mediated to a larger extent by the significance an emotion has for an individual. Frijda and Mesquita distinguished among three aspects of emotion that are culturally influences. Frijda and Mesquita distinguished three aspects of emotion that are culturally influenced. First they are considered social consequences of emotions that regulates social expression and suppression of emotions. Second they stressed the importance of norms for experiencing different emotions. Thirdly they discussed social- cohesive function of emotions. Several ethnographic emotions, particularly in how the expressions of emotions is valued. There are strong cultural difference in display rules (Ekman Friesan, 1969; Izard, 1980) that are learning when going through the socialisation process (Saarni, 1999). There are also cultural differences in the norms for experiencing different emotions. (Hoschild, 1093). This would be relevant to the discussion regarding social norms that describe how people should feel in specific situations, eg., on a wedding day or at a funeral. In addition to the situational feeling rules, norms for the experience of emotions can also be present in a society in the form of generalized expectations. This means that the emotions can differ in their desirability and perceived appropriateness across situations. The emotion climate of nations can be characterized by generalized norms for experiencing different emotions an the fact that these norms are subject to historical change. (Stearns, 1994; Stearns Lewis, 1998).

A Feminist Reading of Updikes Rabbit, Run Essay -- Feminism Feminist

A Feminist Reading of Rabbit, Run  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   I do not like Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom. This creation of John Updike, this man who abandons his pregnant wife and young child, and his alliance to the late 1950's feeling of unrest and rebellion makes me angry. Many times throughout this novel my cheeks flushed furiously and I could not contain my exasperated sighs. When I read the last sentences of Rabbit, Run and closed the book, I was disappointed. It was not because Updike fails to make it clear where or to whom Rabbit runs (home to his wife? back to the prostitute?). Surprisingly, I was most disappointed because the novel had come to an end. Although my reaction to Rabbit was negative, it was a very strong reaction; I had become emotionally involved. Because Updike created this anti-heroic but fascinating main character, I was absorbed into his world. I do not like Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom, but because Updike's writerly skill, I understand him. And, by understanding him, I am able to realize the importance his place i s among the most influential (particularly American) literary characters.   Part of the reason that Updike's novel (and the subsequent three Rabbit novels to follow) has become such an essential piece of literature in the American tradition is Rabbit himself. Although he is not likeable, there are various important aspects and depths to the character of Harry Angstrom that cannot be overlooked. Some critics choose to look at the surface and explore Rabbit's nature comparatively with rabbits (the animal). There are many instances when we do see Rabbit acting much like his namesake. For example when he visits his parents home Updike describes this in very rabbit-like terms: Rabbit stealthily approaches hi... ...h him for anything.    Works Cited Detweiler, Robert. John Updike. Indianapolis: Indiana University, 1984. 33-45.    Kielland-Lund, Erik. "The Americanness of Rabbit, Run: A Transatlantic View." New Essays on Rabbit, Run. Ed. Stanley Trachtenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 77-94.    O'Connell, Mary. Updike and the Patriarchal Dilemma. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996. 13-36.    Pinsker, Sanford. "Restlessness in the 1950s: What Made Rabbit Run?" New Essays on Rabbit, Run. Ed. Stanley Trachtenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 53-76.    Stevick, Philip. "The Full Range of Updike's Prose." New Essays on Rabbit, Run. Ed. Stanley Trachtenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 31-52.    Updike, John. Rabbit, Run. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960.   

Comparison of the Chinese and American Cultures Essay

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, culture is defined as â€Å"the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. † Culture is an aspect all groups of humans have and even though it is an aspect our species shares, the supposed differences make it seem like we are of different species! Culture is something that both connects and separates us. Culture is something distinct enough to create barriers among us, such as: linguistic barriers and behavioral barriers. And this is especially seen between the American and Chinese cultures. River Town, by Peter Hessler, is a non-fiction novel that depicts Peter’s experiences as a Peace Corps volunteer in Fuling, China. He was sent to Fuling (a poor town on the banks of the Yangtze River) in 1996 and taught English and American literature for two years at a teachers college. This novel, in reading, seems more of a journal and thus, his writing of China puts the people and his experiences on a more personal level. He describes, with immense detail, his observations of the social, political and cultural issues of China and his experience as a waiguoren (foreigner). At his arrival, the people of the teachers college showered him and his fellow Peace Corps volunteer with many gifts and did everything they could to make them feel comfortable and welcome. However, alternately, whenever Peter would walk outside the campus of the school, the people would stare and gawk at him and yell, â€Å"outsider! † and â€Å"hello† out of curiosity and their own amusement. This made him dedicate a large part of his day solely to learning Chinese. As he becomes more proficient in Chinese, he develops friendships and connections and begins to feel more accepted. He talks about the troubled history of China: the struggles of land reform, decades of misguided economic policies and especially the damaging effects of the Cultural Revolution. Peter spends a good deal discussing the, then, upcoming project of the Three Gorges Dam, which has an immense, detrimental impact on the people. The project will require millions of villagers to be displaced and will destroy centuries worth of meaningful history. The author gives a very vivid illustration of the beautiful landscape, history and the people he meets. He also portrays the, especially political, perspectives of the Chinese quite well through learning from his students and teachers. According to Francis Hsu, the two sets of contrasts are: individual-centered versus situation-centered and the prominence of emotions versus the underplay of all matters regarding the heart. He believed Americans are concerned only of themselves and act according to what would be beneficial to them, and that the Chinese acted according to the situation at hand. The Chinese avoid direct confrontation, open criticism and controversial topics to maintain harmony. â€Å"In America, he saw the blind, often excessive pursuit of self-reliance and the inherent, permanent instability of human relationships as the root cause of many intractable social ills, including crime, racial discord, and the sale of influence in government. In China, he saw the traditional narrow focus on kinship based relationships had rendered their society unable to effectively counter Western colonialism, widespread poverty and famine, and even the practice of foot binding of women. † (Tong 2001) One aspect of the book that really interested me was the education system and different cultural differences of how education is looked upon. In the book, the students all had the same thoughts on almost every issue and those opinions would be unwavering. However, â€Å"Perhaps by my standards they were politically brainwashed, but compared to the past they were remarkably free. † (Hessler 2001:23) They would also communicate indirectly to Hessler; often times via their journals. Not only is the learning environment in China highly competitive and demanding, but expectations are high of students, forcing them to simply learn to achieve the highest grade possible. Also, Chinese students do not have electives they can choose from, they are assigned classes that best correspond to their scores on tests. Whereas in America, individualism and self-expression if looked high upon. Thus, in America, the individual student’s abilities and skills determine where they go in the future, and in China, what society or their parents want determines where they go. This is exactly what Francis Hsu talked about. I believe Peter Hessler was relatively objective in his journaling. Whenever he brought up thoughts or opinions of his students or any of the Fuling people, he briefly gave the history and background of them so we can understand where they are coming from. However, there were a few times where you could sense his extreme bias, but this was never fully evident in his writing. The difference between American and Chinese homes reflects the contrasting patterns of behavior in the family. In the US, children are highly regarded, cared for and have privilege, so far as to have laws and regulations protecting them. In China, children are taken for granted and have little to no reason to expect protection. Pediatrics was not a branch of medicine in China until just recently. In America, what is important is what parents should do for their parents; in China, what is important is what the children should do for their parents. This is a major reason why Chinese students are so focused on getting the best grades, so they can get a good job and take care of their elders. This is the basis for Filial Piety (virtue of respect for one’s parents and ancestors). American students focus on what is best for them and will usually move out the house at age 18 with no regard to taking care of their elders. Another difference between the two cultures is social relationships. The Chinese have formal, hierarchal relationships in which they feel most comfortable knowing their position. Americans have informal, egalitarian relationships in which they feel most comfortable among their equals and social ranking is not important. Ironically however, the Chinese tend to have a few, very close friends to whom they feel obligated to when it comes to helping them; Americans tend to have numerous â€Å"friends† and acquaintances that changes over time and to whom they feel no obligations. Works Cited 2001 River Town: Two years on the Yangtze. HarperCollins Publishers. Aguilar, Leslie, and Linda Stokes 1996. Multicultural Customer Service: Providing Outstanding. Service Across Cultures. Chicago: Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Inc â€Å"CultureAbout Our Definitions: All Forms of a Word (noun, Verb, Etc. ) Are Now Displayed on One Page. † Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n. d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013 Li Qing 1995. â€Å"Face, Guanxi, Houmen(r) & Elastic Rules: Insight into the Chinese Culture. † Presentation at conference of NAFSA: Association of International Educators. Tong, William K. â€Å"Excerpts from Americans & Chinese by Francis Hsu. † Excerpts from Americans & Chinese by Francis Hsu. Oakton Community College, 2001. Web. 22 Apr. 2013.   

Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows

Where the Red Fern Grows By: Wilson Rawls SETTINGS: The story takes place in the Cherokee Country. The Cherokee Country is a beautiful valley. The country is big with a lot of space to go around for everyone. It is the foothills of the mountain to the banks of the Illinois River in the northern eastern of Oklahoma where the house was located at. The land was rich and the smell of spring was the scent you would sell. The house was at the edge of the foothill in the mouth of the canyon and it was surrounded by grove of huge red oaks. To the back of the house you could see miles and miles of Ozarks. Below the fields is where the Illinois River ran. CHARACTERS: The main character in the story is Billy in the beginning of the story he was only ten years old. He was a country boy, skinny, tall, and a very active boy. Little Ann and Old Dan are the two hound dogs that Billy owns. When Billy First got the dogs, Little Ann was small if it wasn’t for her long ear you wouldn’t be able to tell that she was a hound dog. Old Dan was bigger then Little Ann but he was a wild little dog. Both dog where very smart and they were quick learners. The other characters in the story are Billy’s mom, dad, sister, and grandfather. Billy’s mom was Cherokee blood and that why the land was allotted to her. She was a very hard working house wife. His Dad worked n the farm. He worked to maintain his family. Now Billy had three little sisters that were younger then him. They were the curies little girls that you can find. Billy’s grandfather was a respected man. Billy’s family was not very rich they lived off what they grow in their farm, but yet they were united and hard workers. PLOT: The first Event that takes place in the story is that Billy sees an old dog get jumped by other dogs. At first Billy didn’t pay attention to it, but as he got closer he saw that it wasn’t a fair fight. Billy started to make noise to sc... Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows Where the Red Fern Grows By: Wilson Rawls SETTINGS: The story takes place in the Cherokee Country. The Cherokee Country is a beautiful valley. The country is big with a lot of space to go around for everyone. It is the foothills of the mountain to the banks of the Illinois River in the northern eastern of Oklahoma where the house was located at. The land was rich and the smell of spring was the scent you would sell. The house was at the edge of the foothill in the mouth of the canyon and it was surrounded by grove of huge red oaks. To the back of the house you could see miles and miles of Ozarks. Below the fields is where the Illinois River ran. CHARACTERS: The main character in the story is Billy in the beginning of the story he was only ten years old. He was a country boy, skinny, tall, and a very active boy. Little Ann and Old Dan are the two hound dogs that Billy owns. When Billy First got the dogs, Little Ann was small if it wasn’t for her long ear you wouldn’t be able to tell that she was a hound dog. Old Dan was bigger then Little Ann but he was a wild little dog. Both dog where very smart and they were quick learners. The other characters in the story are Billy’s mom, dad, sister, and grandfather. Billy’s mom was Cherokee blood and that why the land was allotted to her. She was a very hard working house wife. His Dad worked n the farm. He worked to maintain his family. Now Billy had three little sisters that were younger then him. They were the curies little girls that you can find. Billy’s grandfather was a respected man. Billy’s family was not very rich they lived off what they grow in their farm, but yet they were united and hard workers. PLOT: The first Event that takes place in the story is that Billy sees an old dog get jumped by other dogs. At first Billy didn’t pay attention to it, but as he got closer he saw that it wasn’t a fair fight. Billy started to make noise to sc...

Critical Analysis of Frida essays

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Ethic report for wind and solar and hydropower - Essay Example an be produced in different scales namely large hydro (more than 10megawatts), small hydro (upto10 megawatts), micro hydro (up to 100kw), and pico hydro (up to 5kw). One major advantage of hydroelectric power is that the operational cost of a hydroelectric plant is almost immune to the increase in the cost of fossils fuel and, more so, absolutely no imports are required for the same. Hydropower is a clean source of energy with absolutely no emissions of Carbon Dioxide, and, therefore, no pollution to the environment. Global warming is also minimized. The hydropower dams can be used as a habitat for some fish and wildlife. More so, the water can be used for irrigation purposes, and they make the surrounding area around fertile (Ryan, 2009). Additionally, electricity can be produced at a constant rate and electricity generation can be stopped when it is not needed by closing sluice gates. Therefore, water can be stored for some time when there is less demand for electricity. Since dams can stay for a longer period it can be used to, store water there is no high demand of power. It is vital to note that many nations recommend hydropower because it does not emit any harmful chemicals and gases such as carbon dioxide and it is not a major contributor to global warming via carbon dioxide. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy or power because rivers and streams are naturally available. Further, hydropower is not expensive as compared to energy produced from nuclear energy or fossil fuels. The advantage of hydroelectric reservoirs is that they are able to tackle daily, seasonal, and peak loads. For instance, when the demand of electric falls, the reservoirs or dams store water while some installed electricity generators are used to store excess energy (Ryan, 2009). The cost of generating hydropower is low making it the most preferable source of the world’s renewable energy. Further, hydroelectric plants are said to have long economic lives with some plants

Choose from description below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose from description below - Research Paper Example Lee is a Correspondent at the Alberta University - Edmonton Clinic Health Academy. Her article focuses on driving whilst on as an emerging problem that needs urgent solutions. Body Summary The articles exclusively center on the regulatory laws that have placed limitations on the use of the cell phones by the drivers. It is evident that a majority of the states have embarked on a mission to ensure that the mobile phones are handled properly by the concerned drivers whilst on the roads. Despite the laws ranging from one state to another, the laws focus on a recommendation of the use of hands free devices by the drivers. On the other hand, Strayer  & Drew  argue that as a result of the constant use of the mobile phones by the drivers, a lot of accidents have been seen to take place as drivers on phone are likely to over speed, break other traffic rules or even fail to stop for police checks (646). With driving taking the toll of using one hand, while the other is busy texting or rec eiving a call, Lee argues that a lot of lives have been lost as a result of the same (7728). The costs of distracted driving in this case cannot be quantified especially if the lives of innocent individuals have to be at stake. Lee argues that at times, a lot of drivers are at pressure to be connected, an aspect that makes it almost an obvious behavior in the roads today (7723). The author also insists that the problem is a growing one (Lee 7725). It is evident that one of the major causes of deaths and injuries greatly correlates to this form of driving by the drivers. This explains why a lot of states have then embarked on the implementation of legislations that see to the banning of the handsets for the drivers. Drivers on phone were also said to be slower and to also lose focus whilst driving especially after a phone call (Strayer & Drew  641). It is at this juncture that the authors recommend legislation on the ban of cell phones whilst driving (Strayer & Drew  644). Collet , Guillot & Petit are of the opinion that mobile phones lead to the drivers reacting slowly to responses whilst in the traffic environment (590). They also have minimal control and less attention for visual information whilst driving; thus, cannot focus on one activity (593).Legislation on the use of mobile phones amongst other measures like education would therefore be vital in the responsible use of the phones by the divers. Critique The articles analyzed in this work are ones that may be termed as valid and reliable as reference materials in relation to the theme topic. Collet, Guillot & Petit’s article is one that involves review studies on the topic so as to valid that legislations would be useful for present-day drivers. The authors shed light on the major effects on driving using a phone at the same time judging from the simulator works and field research. Its introduction gives a brief summary of the article and what will be explained in terms of applicable data to au thenticate that mobile phones need to be restricted. The conclusion then summarizes the facts; thus, leading to the commendation that drivers need to correct their behaviour which can be facilitated through restrictions on the use of mobile phones whilst driving. Lee’s work, on the other hand, starts from an abstract that gives the outline of the article. The author then gives guidelines on how to deal with concerns in the topic, highlights on the dangers of driving while on phone, gives solutions to this menace and lastly gives a detailed conclusion